ÖZET

1. BÖLÜM : YAPRAKLI AĞAÇLAR

2. BÖLÜM : İĞNE YAPRAKLI AĞAÇLAR

3. BÖLÜM : PALMİYELER
4. BÖLÜM : AĞAÇÇIK VE ÇALILAR
5. BÖLÜM : SARILICILAR
6. BÖLÜM : TOPRAK VE SU
7. BÖLÜM : BESİN ALIMI
8. BÖLÜM : BİTKİ BESİN ELEMENTLERİ
9. BÖLÜM : GÜBRELER
10. BÖLÜM : ÜRETİM TEKNİKLERİ
11. BÖLÜM : SERALAR VE SERACILIK TEKNİĞİ
12. BÖLÜM: TABLOLAR

AYRINTILAR

1. BÖLÜM : YAPRAKLI AĞAÇLAR

Acacia cyanophylla  (Kıbrıs Akasyası).......................................................................................................... 1

Acacia dealbata (Gerçek Akasya)..................................................................................................................2

Acer buergerianum (Çin Akçaağacı)...............................................................................................................3

Acer campestre (Ova Akçaağacı)...................................................................................................................4

Acercappadocicum (Doğu Karadeniz Akçaağaç)...........................................................................................  5

Acer negundo (Dişbudak Yapraklı Akçaağaç).................................................................................................6

Acer negundo"Argentea variegatum" (Çınar Yapraklı Gümüşi Akçaağaç)......................................................     7

Acer palmatum (Japon Alev Akçaağacı).........................................................................................................8

Acerplatanoides  (Çınar Yapraklı Akçaağaç)..................................................................................................9

Acer pseudoplatanus (Dağ Akçaağacı)........................................................................................................ 10

Acer rubrum (Kırmızı Akçaağaç)...................................................................................................................11

Acer saccharinum (Gümüşi Akçaağaç)........................................................................................................ 12

Acertrauvetteri  (Kayın Gövdeli Akçaağaç).................................................................................................... 13

Aesculus x carnea  (Kırmızı Çiçekli At Kestanesi)......................................................................................... 14

AescuIushippocastanum (Beyaz Çiçekli At Kestanesi).................................................................................. 15

Ailanthusaltissima  (Kokarağaç)...................................................................................................................16

Albizziajulibrissin  (Gülibrişim)......................................................................................................................17

Alnuscardifolia (Doğu Kızılağacı).................................................................................................................18

Alnus glutinosa subs. Barbata (Sakallı Kızılağaç)......................................................................................... 19

Betula pendula (Sarkık Kuş)........................................................................................................................20

Carpinus betulus (Adi Gürgen).....................................................................................................................21

Castanea sativa (Anadolu Kestanesi)...........................................................................................................22

Casuariana equisetifolia (Demir Ağacı)..........................................................................................................23

Catafpabignonioides (Katalpa).....................................................................................................................24

Celtisaustraiis (Adi Çitlenbik).......................................................................................................................25

Ceratonia si!iqua (Keçi Boynuzu)..................................................................................................................26

Cercis siliquastrum (Erguvan).......................................................................................................................27

Cornus alba (Ak Kızılcık).............................................................................................................................28

Cornus mas (Gerçek Kızılcık)..................................................................................................................... 29

Crataegus monogya (Gerçek Ak Diken)........................................................................................................30

Craaegus oxycantha (Adi Ak Diken).............................................................................................................31

Diospyros kaki (Trabzon Hurması)...............................................................................................................32

Diospyros !otus (Laz Hurması).....................................................................................................................33

Elaeagnus angustifolia  (Kuş iğdesi).............................................................................................................34

EriobotryajaponicafYenİ Dünya)....................................................................................................................35

Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Okaliptus)..........................................................................................................36

Fagus orientalis (Doğu Kayını).....................................................................................................................37

Fagusslyvatica (Batı Kayını)....................................................................................................................38-39

Ficus efastica (Kauçuk)..............................................................................................................................40

Fraxinusangustifoiia (Sivri Meyveli Dişbudak)..............................................................................................  41

Fraxinus excelsîor  (Adi Dişbudak)..............................................................................................................42

G[editsiatriacanthos (Glediçya)...................................................................................................................43

Jakaranda mİmosifolia (Jakaranda)..............................................................................................................44

Juglans regia (Adi Ceviz)............................................................................................................................45

Koelreuteria panîculata (Güvey Kandili)........................................................................................................46

Lagerstroemia indica (Oya Ağacı)................................................................................................................47

Laurus nobilis (Akdeniz Defnesi).................................................................................................................48

Liquidambarorientalis (Sığla).......................................................................................................................49

Liquidambarstyracİflua  (Amerikan Sığlası)..................................................................................................50

Liriodendron tulipifera (Lale Ağacı)...............................................................................................................51

Magnolia grandiflora (Büyük Çiçekli Abelya).................................................................................................52

Malusx purpurea"e!eyi" (Süs Elması) ..........................................................................................................53

Meiia azedarach (Tesbih Ağacı) ..................................................................................................................54

Morus alba (Ak Dut)...................................................................................................................................55

Oleaeuropaea (Zeytin)................................................................................................................................56

Ostrya carpinifolia (Kayacık).......................................................................................................................57

Pistaciaterebinthus (Menengiç) .................................................................................................................58

Platanusoccidentalis (Batı Çınarı)...............................................................................................................59

Platanus orientalis (Doğu Çınarı).................................................................................................................60

Populus alba (Ak Kavak)............................................................................................................................61

Popuius x euroamericana (Melez Kavak).....................................................................................................62

Popuİus nigra (Kara Kavak)........................................................................................................................63

Populus trem ula  (Titrek Kavak).................................................................................................................64

Prunus amygdalus (Badem).......................................................................................................................65

Prunus cerasifera " Atropurpurea "..............................................................................................................66

Prunus laurocerasus (Karayemiş)...............................................................................................................67

Quercus aucheri (Boz Pırnal Meşesi)..........................................................................................................68

Quercus cerris (Saçlı Meşe).......................................................................................................................69

Quercus coccifera (Kermes Meşesi)...........................................................................................................70

Quercus frainetto  (Macar Meşesi)..............................................................................................................71

Quercus hartwissiana (lstranca Meşesi)......................................................................................................72

Quercus ilex (Pimal meşesi).......................................................................................................................73

Quercus infectoria (Mazı Meşesi)................................................................................................................74

Quercus !İbanİ (Lübnan Meşesi)..................................................................................................................75

Quercus palustris (Bataklık Meşesi)............................................................................................................76

Quercus petraea subsp.petraea (Sapsız Meşe)............................................................................................77

Quercus ponîica (Doğu Karadeniz Meşesi)..................................................................................................78

Quercus pubescens (Tüylü Meşe)...............................................................................................................79

Quercus robur (Saplı Meşe)........................................................................................................................80

Quercus rubra (Kırmızı)..............................................................................................................................81

Robinia pseudoacacia (Ya!ancı Akasya)......................................................................................................82

Salİxa!ba (Ak Söğüt)..................................................................................................................................83

Salixbabylor)ica (Salkım Söğüt)..................................................................................................................84

Salİxcaprea (Keçi Söğüdü).........................................................................................................................85

Saiix cinerea (Boz Söğüt)...........................................................................................................................86

Sa I ix fragiüs (Gevrek Söğüt)......................................................................................................................87

Salix matsudana " Tortuosa ".....................................................................................................................88

Sophorajaponica (Japon Soforası)..............................................................................................................89

Sorbus aria (Ak Üvez)................................................................................................................................90

Sorbusaucuparia (Kuş Üvezi)......................................................................................................................91

Sorbus torminalİs (Akçaağaç Yapraklı Üvez)................................................................................................92

Tilia grartdiflora (Büyük Yapraklı Ihlamur).....................................................................................................93

Tilia mİcrophylla (Küçük Yapraklı İhlamur)....................................................................................................94

Tilia tomentosa (Gümüşi Ihlamur)................................................................................................................95

Ulmus campestris (Ova Karaağacı)..............................................................................................................96

Ulmus montana (Dağ Karaağacı).................................................................................................................97

2. BÖLÜM : İĞNE YAPRAKLI AĞAÇLAR

Abies bornmülleriana (Uludağ Göknarı )........................................................................................................98

Abies concolor (Gümüşi Göknar).................................................................................................................99

Abies nordmanniana (Doğu Karadeniz Göknarı).................................................................................    100-101

Abies pinsapo (İspanya Göknarı)................................................................................................................102

Araucaria araucana (Şili Aravkaryası)........................................................................................................ 103

Araucariaheterophylla (Salon Aravkaryası)..................................................................................................104

Arceuthosdrupacea (Andız).......................................................................................................................105

Cedrusatlantİca (Atlas Sediri)............................................................................................................. 106-107

Cedrus deodora  (Himalaya Sediri).............................................................................................................108

Cedrus libani  (Toros Sediri).......................................................................................................................109

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana  (Lawson Yalancı Servisi)................................................................................  110

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis  (Nutka Yalancı Servisi)................................................................................  111

Chamaecyparis obtusa  (Hinoki Yalancı Servisi)..........................................................................................112

Chamaecyparis pisifera  (Japon Yalancı Servisi).........................................................................................113

Cryptomeriajaponica  (Japon Kriptomeryası).......................................................................................  114-115

Cupresso-cyparis leylandii (Melez Servi).....................................................................................................116

Cupressus arizonica  (Arizona Servisi)........................................................................................................117

Cupressus goveniana  (Kokulu Servi)..........................................................................................................118

Cupressus macrocarpa  (Monteri Servisi)....................................................................................................119

Cupressus sempervirens (Adi Servi)............................................................................................................120

Ginkgobiioba  (Mabet Ağacı)..................................................................................................................... 121

Juniperus chinensiS  (Çin Ardıcı)................................................................................................................122

Larixdecidua  (Avrupa Melezi)...................................................................................................................  123

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Su Ladini)..................................................................................................  124

Picea abies  (Batı Ladini).......................................................................................................................... 125

Pİcea engelmannii  (Engelman Ladini)....................................................................................................... 126

Picea glauca  (Ak Ladin).............................................................................................................................127

Picea orientalis  (Doğu Ladini)....................................................................................................................128

Picea pungens  (Mavi Ladin)......................................................................................................................129

Picea sitchensis  (Sıtka Ladini)...................................................................................................................130

Picea smithiana  (Hint Ladini).....................................................................................................................131

Pinus brutia  (Kızılcam)..............................................................................................................................132

Pinus concorta  (Kumsal Çamı)..................................................................................................................133

Pinus exceisa  (Ağlayan Çam)....................................................................................................................134

Pinus halepensîs  (Halep Çamı)................................................................................................................. 135

Pinus nigra  (Karaçam)...............................................................................................................................136

Pİnus pinaster (Sahil Çamı)........................................................................................................................137

Pinus pinea  (Fıstık Çamı)..........................................................................................................................138

Pinus radiata  (Radyata Çamı)....................................................................................................................139

Pinus strobus  (Veymut Çamı)....................................................................................................................140

Pinus sylvestris  (Sarıçam).........................................................................................................................141

Pseudotsuga menziesii  (Adi Duglas)....................................................................................................... ..142

Sequoia sempervirens  (Sahil Sekoyası).................................................................................................. . .143

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Mamut Ağacı).............................................................................................     144

Taxodium distichum  (Amerikan Bataklık Servisi)....................................................................................   ...145

Taxusbaccata  (Adi Porsuk)................................................................................................................  146-147

Thuja occidental  (Batı Mazısı)..........................................................................................................    148-149

Thuja orientalis  (Doğu Mazısı)............................................................................................................  150-151

Thuja piiicata  (Boylu Mazı).........................................................................................................................152

Thujopsis dolobrata  (Japon Mazısı)........................................................................................................  ...153

Tsuga canadensis   (Kanada Sugası):.........................................................................................................154

3. BÖLÜM : PALMİYELER

Chamaerops exceisa  (Çin Bodur Palmiyesi).............................................................................................155

Chamaerops humulis  (Akdeniz Bodur Palmiyesi)......................................................................................156

Phoenix canariensis  (Feniks)..................................................................................................................557

4. BÖLÜM : AĞAÇÇIK VE ÇALILAR

Abelia floribunda  (Katmer Çiçekli Abelya)..................................................................................................158

Abelia x grandiflora  (Büyük Çiçekli Abelya)................................................................................................159

Abutilon megapotamicum  (Ağaç Küpesi)....................................................................................................160

Agave americana  (Amerikan Agavı).............................................................................................................161

Arbutus andrachne   (Sandal Ağacı)............................................................................................................162

Arbutus unedo  (Kocayemiş)......................................................................................................................163

Aucubajaponica  (Akuba)...........................................................................................................................164

Azalea spp.  (Açelya)................................................................................................................................165

Bambusa aurea  (Altın Bambu)..................................................................................................................166

Berberis darwinii  (Darwin Kadın Tuzluğu).................................................................................................. 167

Berberis thunbergii"Atropurpurea" (Kırmızı Yapraklı Kadın Tuzluğu)................................................................168

Berberis veitchii  (Yeşil Yapraklı Karamuk) .................................................................................................169

Berberis vulgaris  (Adi Kadın Tuzluğu)........................................................................................................ 170

Bougatnvillea glabra  (Mor Çiçekli Gelin Duvağı)...........................................................................................171

Buddleiadavidii  (Kelebek çalısı).................................................................................................................172

Buxus sempervirens  (Adi Şimşir)...............................................................................................................173

Callistemon citrinus  (Fırça çalısı)...............................................................................................................174

Cameliajaponica  (Kamelya)......................................................................................................................175

Cephalotaxus drupacea  (Japon Yalancı Porsuğu)........................................................................................176

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana "Elwood"  (Lawson Yalancı Selvisi).................................................................... 177

Cistus crelicus  (Tüylü Laden).................................................................................................................... 178

Clerodendrum bungei  (Parlak Çiçekli Kısmet Ağacı).................................................................................... 179

Clerodendron trichotonum  (Kısmet Ağacı)...................................................................................................180

Cornus kousa  (Kousa Kızılcığı)............................................................................................................181-182

Cornus sanguinea  (Adi Kızılcık).................................................................................................................183

Corylus avellana  (Adi Fındık)..................................................................................................................... 184

Corylus maxima"Purpured"  (Kırmızı Yapraklı Lambert Fındığı).......................................................................185

Cotinus coggygria  (Boyacı Sumağı)........................................................................................................... 186

Cotoneasterhorizontaüs  (Yatık Kotoneaster)............................................................................................... 187

Cotoneaster microphyllus  (Küçük Yapraklı Dağ Muşmulası) .........................................................................188

Cotoneastersalicifolia  (Dağ Muşmulası)......................................................................................................189

Cycas revoluta  (Sikas)...............................................................................................................................190

Cydoniajaponica  (Japon Ayvası)..................................................................................................................191

Daphne pontica  (Karadeniz Defnesi)............................................................................................................192

Deutzia gracilis  (Havlu Püskülü)..................................................................................................................193

Elaeagnusx ebbingei  (Gümüşi İğde).............................................................................................................194

Elaeagnus pungens  (Süs İğdesi)...........................................................................................................195-196

Evonymus alatus  (Yanar Çalı)...................................................................................................................   197

Evonymusjaponica  (Japon Taflanı)....................................................................................................     198-199

Forsthia giraldiana  (Altın Çanı)..................................................................................................................  200

Hebepagei  (Odunsu Yavşan)...................................................................................................................    201

Hibiscus rosa sinensis  (Çin Gülü).............................................................................................................. 202

Hibiscus syriacus  (Ağaç Hatmi).................................................................................................................203

Hippophae rhamnoides  (Yalancı İğde).......................................................................................................  204

Hydrangea macrophylla " Hortensia " ..........................................................................................................205

Ilex aquifolium  (Çoban Püskülü)................................................................................................................206

Ilex koehneana (Koehne Işılganı)...............................................................................................................207

Jasminum fruticans  (Sarı Çiçekli Yasemin)...............................................................................................208

Jasminum nudiflorum  (Gerçek Yasemin)...................................................................................................209

Jasminum revolutum  (Sarı Yasemin).........................................................................................................210

Junİperus communis subsp.nana  (Bodur Ardıç).........................................................................................211

Juniperus horizontaiis  (Yaygın Ardıç)........................................................................................................212

Juniperus sabina  (Sabin Ardıcı).................................................................................................................213

Kerriajaponica  (Kanarya Gülü)..................................................................................................................214

Laburnum anagyroides  (Adi Sarı Salkım)............................................................................................. .....215

Ligustrum japonica  (Japon Kurtbağrı).................................................................................................  216-217

Ligustrum vulgare  (Adi Kurtbağrı)..............................................................................................................218

Lonicera nitida  (Kutu Hanımeli)..................................................................................................................219

Lonicera xpurpusii  (Beyaz Çiçekli Çalı Hanımeli)....................................................................................... 220

Lonicera sempervirens  (Mercan Hanımeli)................................................................................................  221

Lonicera tataricum  (Tatar Hanımeli)...........................................................................................................222

Magnolia soulangiana  (Yaprağını Döken Manolya).................................................................................... 223

Magnolia stellata  (Yıldız Manolya)........................................................................................................     224

Mahonia aquifolium  (Sarı Boya Çalısı)......................................................................................................  225

Mespilusgermanica  (Muşmula).................................................................................................................226

Myrtus communis  (Adi Mersin)..................................................................................................................227

Nenum oleander  (Zakkum)........................................................................................................................228

Osmanthus decorus  (Defne Yapraklı Akçakesme)....................................................................................  229

Paeonia arborea  (Odunsu Şakayık)...........................................................................................................230

Philadelphus coronarius (Filbahri).............................................................................................................231

Phillyrea latifolia (Akçakesme)...................................................................................................................232

Picea glauca"conica'' (Konik Ladin)...........................................................................................................233

Pittosporum tobira  (Pitosporum)...............................................................................................................234

Poincianagiliiesii  (Paşa Bıyığı)..................................................................................................................235

Prunus subhirtella  (Japon Süs Kirazı)........................................................................................................236

Punicata granatum  (Nar)...........................................................................................................................237

Pyracantha coccinea"Praecox"..................................................................................................................238

Pyracantha rogersiana  (Çin Ateş Dikeni)...................................................................................................239

Rhamnusfrangula  (Barut Ağacı)...............................................................................................................  240

Rhododendron flavum  (Sarı Çiçekli Orman Gülü)......................................................................................   241

Rhododendron ponticum (Mor Çiçekli Orman Gülü)..................................................................................   242

Rhus typhina  (Amerikan Sumağı)..............................................................................................................243

Ribes alpinum  (Frenk Üzümü)...................................................................................................................244

Robinia hispida  (Kırmızı Çiçekli Akasya)...................................................................................................245

Rosacanina  (Kuşburnu)............................................................................................................................246

Rosa rugosa  (Ramanas Gülü)...................................................................................................................247

Rosa spp. (Gül)........................................................................................................................................248

Rosmarinus officinalis  (Kuşdili).................................................................................................................249

Sambucusnigra  (Siyah Mürver)................................................................................................................250

Sptrea bumalda  (Kırmızı Çiçekli Keçi Sakalı).............................................................................................251

Spirea vanhouttei  (Beyaz Çiçekli Keçi Sakalı)............................................................................................252

Symphoricarpus aibus  (Beyaz İnci)............................................................................................................253

Symphorîcarpus vulgaris  (Kırmızı İnci)..................................................................................................... .254

Syringa vulgaris  (Adi Leylak) ...................................................................................................................255

Tamarix parviflora  (İlkbahar Ilgını).............................................................................................................256

Thuja occidentalis"ElvangerianaRheingold" (Batı Mazısı).............................................................................257

Vaccinum arctostaphylos  (Büyük Ayı Üzümü)..........................................................................................258

Viburnum japonicum  (Japon Kartopu).......................................................................................................259

Viburnum opulus  (Adi Kartopu)................................................................................................................260

Viburnum orientale  (Doğu Kartopu)...........................................................................................................261

Viburnum pîicatum  (Tüylü Kartopu) ...........................................................................................................262

Viburnum tinus  (Defne Kartopu)................................................................................................................263

Weigela florida  (Vangelya).........................................................................................................................264

Yucca gloriosa  (İplikli Avize)......................................................................................................................265

5. BÖLÜM : SARILICILAR

Actinİdİa deliciosa  (Kivi)......................................................................................................................266-267

Ampelopsis quinquefolia  (Virginya Sarmaşığı)...........................................................................................268

Ampelopsis veitchii  (Amerikan Sarmaşığı).................................................................................................269

Aristolochia durior  (Pipo Sarmaşığı)..........................................................................................................270

Campsis radicans  (Acem Borusu).............................................................................................................271

Clematis montana  (Orman Asması)..........................................................................................................272

Clematis orientaiis  (Orman Asması).........................................................................................................273

Evonymus fortunei  (Tırmanıcı Papaz Külahı)..............................................................................................274

Hedera helix  (Adi Orman Sarmaşığı).........................................................................................................275

Hydrangea petiolaris  (Sarmaşık Ortanca)..............................................................................:...................276

Jasminum officinale  (Beyaz Çiçekli Sarmaşık Yasemin)............................................................................277

Lonicera x heckkrottü  (Sarmaşık Hanımeli)...............................................................................................278

Lonicera periclymenum  (Orman Hanımelisi).....................................................................................279

Loniceraxtellmanniana  (Sarı Hanımeli)..............................................................................................280

Passiflora caerulea   (Mavi Çiçekli Çarkıfelek)....................................................................................281

Vinca major  (Büyük Yapraklı Cezayir Menekşesi)..............................................................................282

Vinca minor   (Küçük Yapraklı Cezayir Menekşesi).............................................................................283

Vİtis vinifera  (Yerli Asma)....................................................................................................................284

Wisteria sinensis  (Mor Salkım).......................................................................................................... 285

6. BÖLÜM : TOPRAK VE SU

6.1. TOPRAK............................................................................................................................................286

6.1.1. Bünye (Tekstür)................................................................................................................................286

6.1.1.1. Kumlu Topraklar............................................................................................................................286

6.1.1.2. Killi Topraklar................................................................................................................................286

6.1.1.3. Milli (Tın=Silt Topraklar).................................................................................................................286

6.1.2.Yapı (Strüktür)....................................................................................................................................286

6.1.2.1. Gözeneklilik (Porosite=n)...............................................................................................................286

6.1.2.2. Su muhtevası (%Rutubet)..............................................................................................................286

6.1.2.3. Geçirgenlİk (Permeablite)...............................................................................................................287

6.1.2.4. Kapilarite.........................................................................................................................................287

6.1.2.5. Toprak Suyu....................................................................................................................................287

6.1.3. Suların Toprak Zerrelerince Bağlanması...................................................................................287-288

6.1.3.1. Tarla Kapasitesindeki Su Miktarı (Eşdeğer Nem=TKSM).............................................................288

6.1.3.2. Solma Noktasındaki Su Miktarı (SNSM).........................................................................................288

6.1.3.3. Yarayışlı Su Kapasitesi (YSK)........................................................................................................288

6.1.4. Topraktaki Isınma Hareketi........................................................................................................288-289

6.1.5. Deney ..............................................................................................................................................289

6.1.6. ARAZİDE TOPRAK PROFİLİNE İLİŞKİN TANIMLAR VE AÇIKLAMALAR...............................290

6.1.6.1. Humus..........................................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.1.1. Mul.............................................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.1.2. Çürüntülü Mul............................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.1.3. Mor (Ham Humus)......................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.2. Dış Toprak Hali.............................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.2.1. Çıplak veya Açık Yeşil................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.2.2. Yeşillenmiş.................................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.2.3. Yabanlaşmış..............................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.3. Toprak Derinliği.............................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.4. Drenaj...........................................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.4.1. Aşın Drenaj................................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.4.2. İyi Drenaj....................................................................................................................................290

6.1.6.4.3. Orta Derecede İyi Drenaj...........................................................................................................290

6.1.6.4.4. Yetersiz Drenaj...........................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.4.5. Zayıf Drenaj...............................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.5. Anataş..........................................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.6. Nem Ekonomisi............................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.6.1. Serin (Taze)................................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.6.2. Nemli (Islak)................................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.6.3. Yaş.............................................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.6.4. Değişik Nemli.............................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.6.5. Değişik Kurak............................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.6.6. Kurak.........................................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.7. TOPRAK TİPİ...............................................................................................................................291

6.1.6.8. Horizonlar............................................................................................................................. 291-293

6.1.6.9. Horizon Kalınlığı............................................................................................................................293

6.1.6.10. Toprak Türü................................................................................................................................293

6.1.6.11. Strüktür.......................................................................................................................................293

6.1.6.11.1. Tabakamsı...............................................................................................................................293

6.1.6.11.2. Prizmatik..................................................................................................................................293

6.1.6.11.3. Sütunumsu...............................................................................................................................293

6.1.6.11.4. Küpümsü..................................................................................................................................293

6.1.6.11.5. Granüler ve Kırıntı....................................................................................................................294

6.1.6.11.6. Masif (Strüktürsüz=Koherent)...................................................................................................294

6.1.6.12. Bağlılık........................................................................................................................................294

6.1.6.13. İskelet Muhtevası........................................................................................................................294

6.1.6.14. Karbonatlar.................................................................................................................................295

6.1.6.15. Rutubet.......................................................................................................................................295

6.1.6.15.1-Yaş...........................................................................................................................................295

6.1.6.15.2. Islak.........................................................................................................................................295

6.1.6.15.3. Serin........................................................................................................................................ 295

6.1.6.15.4. Kuru.........................................................................................................................................295

6.1.6.16. Kökler  (Kök Yayılışı)....................................................................................................................295

6.1.7. EL MUAYENESİ İLE TOPRAK TÜRÜ TAYİNİ.............................................................................295

6.1.7.1. Kum Toprağı..................................................................................................................................295

6.1.7.2. Balçıklı Kum..................................................................................................................................295

6.1.7.3. Kumlu Balçık.................................................................................................................................295

6.1.7.4. Mutedil Balçık...............................................................................................................................296

6.1.7.5. Ağır (Killi) Balçık ..........................................................................................................................296

6.1.7.6. Kil Toprağı.....................................................................................................................................296

6.1.8. Toprak Asilliği  (=pH)........................................................................................................................296

6.1.8.1. Topraktaki H+ İyonlarının Meydana Gelmesi..........................................................................296-297

6.1.8.2. pH Üzerinde Etkili Olan Faktörler..................................................................................................297

6.1.8.3. Kolloidal Yapı................................................................................................................................297

6.1.8.4. Toprağın Tampon Etkisi.........................................................................................................297-298

6.1.8.5. Katyon Değişim Kapasitesi...........................................................................................................298

6.1.8.6. Suların ve Yetişme Ortamlarının pH'larının Düşürülmesi..............................................................298

6.1.8.6.1. Yetişme Ortamı..........................................................................................................................298

6.1.8.6.2. Sulama Suyu.............................................................................................................................299

6.1.9. Organik Madde................................................................................................................................299

6.1.9.1. Humus...................................................................................................................................299-300

6.1.10. Tuzluluk.........................................................................................................................................300

7. BÖLÜM : BESİN ALIMI

7.1. Karbondioksit Teorisi..........................................................................................................................301

7.2. Kontak Değişim Teorisi.......................................................................................................................301

7.3. Gelişim Besin Grafiği..........................................................................................................................302

7.4. Mikorizal Ortak Yaşam.................................................................................................................302-303

8. BÖLÜM : BİTKİ BESİN ELEMENTLERİ

8.1. MAKRO BESİN ELEMENTLERİ.......................................................................................................304

8.1.1. Azot (N) ..........................................................................................................................................304

8.1.1.1. Azotun Kaynakları.........................................................................................................................305

8.1.1.2. Azot Dolaşımı........................................................................................................................305-306

8.1.2. Fosfor (P) .........................................................................................................................................306

8.1.3. Potasyum (K).............................................................................................................................307-308

8.1.4. Kalsiyum (Ca)............................................................................................................................308-309

8.1.5. Kükürt (S)..................................................................................................................................309-310

8.1.6. Magnezyum (Mg)..............................................................................................................................310

8.2. MİKRO BESİN ELEMENTLERİ..........................................................................................................311

8.2.1. Demir (Fe).........................................................................................................................................311

8.2.2. Çinko (Zn).................................................................................................................................311-312

8.2.3. Bakır (Cu).........................................................................................................................................312

8.2.4. Mangan (Mn).............................................................................................................................312-313

8.2.5. Molıbden (Mo)......................................................................................................................................313

8.2.6. Bor (B)............................................................................................................................................... 313

8.2.7.  Klor (C!)............................................................................................................................................. 313

9. BÖLÜM : GÜBRELER

9.1. ORGANİK  (İŞLETME = DOĞAL)..........................................................................................................314

9.1.1, Ahır (Çiftlik) Gübreleri........................................................................................................................314

9.1.1.1. Ahır Gübresinin Faydaları.........................................................................................................314-315

9.1.2. Yeşil Gübreler..................................................................................................................................315

9.1.2.1. Yeşil Gübrenin Faydaları..........................................................................................................315-316

9.1.2.1.1. Yeşil Gübre Kullanımında Dikkat Edilecek Hususlar.......................................................................316

9.2. KİMYASAL  (YAPAY) GÜBRELER.............................................................................................316

9.2.1. Azotlu Gübreler................................................................................................................................316

9.2.1.1. Amonyum Sülfat...........................................................................................................................316

9.2.1.2. Amonyum Nitrat............................................................................................................................316

9.2.1.3. C.A.N. (Kireçli Amonyum Nitrat) ....................................................................................................317

9.2.1.4. Amonyum Sülfat+Amonyum Nitrat.................................................................................................317

9.2.1.5.  Üre......................,......................................................................................................................317

9.2.1.6. Azot İçeren Kompoze Gübreler......................................................................................................317

9.2.1.7. Azotlu Gübrelerin Kullanılma Zamanları...........................................................................................317

9.2.2.  Fosforlu Gübreler.............................................................................................................................317

9.2.2.1.  NSP (Normal Süper Fosfat)...........................................................................................................317

9.2.2.2. TSP (Triple Süper Fosfat)..............................................................................................................318

9.2.2.3.  Diamonyum Fosfat (DAP)..............................................................................................................318

9.2.3. Potasyumlu Gübreler.......................................................................................................................318

9.2.3.1.  Potasyum Klorit...........................................................................................................................318

9.2.3.2. Potasyum Nitrat...........................................................................................................................318

9.2.3.3. Potasyum Sülfat...........................................................................................................................318

9.2.3.4. Potasyum Sülfat+Magnezyum Sülfat............................................................................................  318

9.3. YAPRAK GÜBRELER.......................................................................................................................  318

9.3.1. Makro Element Gübreleri................................................................................................................. 318

9.3.2.  Mikro Element Gübreleri..................................................................................................................319

9.3.3. Yaprak Gübrelerinin Tercih Sebepleri...............................................................................................  319

9.3.4.  Yaprak Gübrelemesinde Dikkat Edilecek Hususlar..........................................................................  319

10. BÖLÜM : ÜRETİM TEKNİKLERİ

10.1. GENERATİF ÜRETİM .................................................................................................................. 320

10.1.1. Çıplak Kökiü Fidan Üretim Tekniği...............................::................................................................320

10.2. VEJETATİF ÜRETİM....................................................................................................................  320

10.2.1.  Kök Sürgünü İle Üretim................................................................................................................320

10.2.2. Ayırma ile Üretim...........................................................................................................................321

10.2.3. Daldırma İle Üretim...................................................................................................................     321

10.2.3.1. Adi Daldırma..............................................................................................................................321

10.2.3.2. Yılankavi Daldırma......................................................................................................................321

10.2.3.3.  Havai Daldırma...........................................................................................................................321

10.2.3.4.  Tepe Daldırması.........................................................................................................................321

10.2.3.5.  Hendek Daldırması.....................................................................................................................321

10.2.4. Çelikle Üretim.........................................................................................................................322-323

10.2.4.1.  Gövde Çelikleri ile Üretim...........................................................................................................324

10.2.4.1.1. Yumuşak Çelikle Üretim...........................................................................................................324

10.2.4.1.2. Yarı Odunlaşmış Çelikle Üretme..............................................................................................324

10.2.4.1.3. Sert Çelikle Üretim...................................................................................................................324

10.2.4.2. Yaprak Çelikleri ile Üretim...........................................................................................................324

10.2.4.3. Yaprak-Tomurcuk (Göz) Çelikleri ile Üretim.................................................................................324

10.2.4.4. Kök Çelikleri İle Üretim ...............................................................................................................325

10.2.5. AŞI İLE ÜRETİM ....................................................................................................................    325

10.2.5.1,  Göz Aşısı....................................................................................................................................325

10.2.5.1.1. Sürgün Göz Aşısı..................................................................................................................... 325

10.2.5.1.2,  Uyuyan (Durgun) Göz Aşısı ......................................................................................................326

10.2.5.2.  Kalem Aşısı ................................................................................................................................326

10.2.5.2.1. Bindirme (Kopülasyon)Aşı.........................................................................................................327

10.2.5.2.2.  Yanaştırma Aşı ........................................................................................................................327

10.2.5.2.3. Yandan sivriltme Aşı ................................................................................................................ 328

10.2.5.2.4.  Beslemeli Yandan Yanaştırma Aşı........................................................................................... 328

10.2.5.2.5.  Kakma Aşı...............................................................................................................................329

10.2.5.2.6. Yarma Aşı ................................................................................................................................329

10.3. KAPLI FİDAN ÜRETİMİ .........................................................................................................       330

10.3.1. Kaplı Fidan Üretiminde Dikkat Edilecek Hususlar..........................................................................   330

11. BÖLÜM : SERALAR VE SERACILIK TEKNİĞİ

11.1.  Sera Kuruluşunda Etkili Olan Faktörler.............................................................................................     331

11.1.1. Ekolojik Faktörler...........................................................................................................................    331

11.1.1.1.  Işık..............................................................................................................................................................................................     331

11.1.1.2.  Sıcaklık................................................................................................................................     331-332

11.1.1.3. Nem...........................................................................................................................................    332

11.1.1.4. Hava Bileşimi.......................................................................................................................        332-333

11.2.  Seralarda Kullanılabilecek Su ve Sulama Sistemleri.........................................................................        333

11.2.1. Suyun Kalitesi................................................................................................................................    333

11.2.2.  Verilecek Su Miktarı, Sulama Sıklığı ve Sulama Sistemler......................................................            333-335

12. BÖLÜM: TABLOLAR

12.1. Toprak Tanıtım Tablosu.................................................................................................................          336

12.2.  Fidanlık Ekosisteminde Bitki Besin Elementlerinin Durumu......................................................                 337

12.3.  Fidanlıklarda Optimal Birim Değerlerde Gerekli Konsantrasyon AçısındanGübreleme Rejimi............             338

12.4. Alkalen Reaksiyonlu Toprakları Islahta Kullanılacak Sülfür ve Alüminyum Sülfat Miktarı..................               339

Asit Reaksiyonlu Topraklarda Kullanılacak Kireç Miktarı....................................................................                 339

12.5. Bazı Fidanların Topraktan Aldığı Yıllık Net Besin Maddeleri.............................................................            340

12.6.  Değişik Türlerde Çimlenme Yüzdelerine Göre Ekilecek Tohum Miktarları........................................             341

12.7.  Bazı Orman Ağacı Tohumlarının Özellikleri ...............................................................................           342-350

12.8. Serada Ortaya Çıkabilecek Çeşitli Problem, Neden ve Çözümleri....................................................             351

12-9, Süs Bitkilerinde Hastalıklara Neden Olan Faktörler ve Belirtileri................................................               352-354

12.10.  Değişik Koşullarda Çökerten Hastalığı ve Mücadele Metotları........................................................            355

12.11.  Bitkilerde Genel Zararlılar ve Mücadele Metotları...........................................................................           356

12.12.  Süs Bitkilerinde Hastalık Yapan Böcekler ve Mücadele Metotları....................................................           357

12.13.  Güllerde Hastalık Yapan Böcekler ve Mücadele Metotları...............................................................           358

12.14.  Bitkilerde Yaprak, Çiçek ve Meyvelerin Renklenme Ve Kalış Süreleri......................................               359-362

12.15. Türlerin Ekolojik İstekleri.........................................................................................................           363-370

12.16.  İğne Yapraklı Ağaç Fidan Standartları......................................................................................           371-373

12.17. Yapraklı Ağaç Fidan Standartları ...................................................................................................        374

12.18.  Elementlerin Atom Ağırlıkları, Elektron Dağılımları ve Nicel Özellikleri...........................................            375

Özel Terimler Sözlüğü.......................................................................................................................           376-381

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